March 4, 2026 - Bergeron Clifford LLP

Concussions and related brain injuries are among the most complex and misunderstood consequences of modern collisions – whether from car collisions, slips and falls, cycling incidents, or sports participation. However, because these injuries are often invisible, seriously delayed in symptoms, and subject to long-term effects, they require early medical attention and thoughtful legal documentation.

This article explains:

What concussions are
What post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and second impact syndrome (SIS) are
How common brain injuries affect Ontarians
Available treatments in Ontario
Why all of this matters in a personal injury claim

What Is a Concussion?

A concussion is a form of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) caused when the brain is rapidly jolted inside the skull after an impact to the head or body. While conventional imaging like CT or MRI may not always show that there’s been an injury, concussion symptoms are real and can disrupt daily life and functioning.

Common concussion symptoms include:

What makes concussions particularly challenging is that symptoms can appear immediately or emerge and change over hours or days.

Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS)

For most people, concussion symptoms resolve within 2–4 weeks. For others, symptoms persist long after the initial injury in a condition known as post-concussion syndrome (PCS).

PCS may be characterized by:

Persistent headaches
Cognitive difficulties and changes (memory, focus, executive functioning)
Mood disturbances
Vision and balance issues
Difficulty sleeping

PCS affects quality of life and return-to-work ability. Because symptoms persist beyond the expected recovery period, careful documentation and multidisciplinary care are essential.

Second Impact Syndrome (SIS): Why It Matters

One of the most serious concussion-related concerns, particularly in sports and youth collisions is Second Impact Syndrome (SIS). SIS occurs when a person suffers a second concussion before the symptoms from the first have fully resolved.

This can lead to rapid and often fatal brain swelling. Key points about SIS include:

It can occur with relatively minor impacts, or no direct impact to the head at all
Symptoms escalate quickly (loss of consciousness, respiratory failure)
Injured parties are likely to suffer from permanent neurological impairments
Early removal from play after a suspected concussion is critical for prevention

Because SIS arises from repeated head trauma, recognizing concussions early and ensuring proper recovery is legally and medically critical.

How Common Are Brain Injuries?

According to Brain Injury Canada, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are among the leading causes of disability in Canada:

There are approximately 200,000 concussions in Canada annually
TBI occurs at an annual rate of 500 out of 165,000 individuals. This equals 465 people every day, or one person injured every 3 minutes.
Concussions (mild TBI) represent a substantial portion of brain injuries nationally

These statistics underscore both the frequency and seriousness of concussion-related injuries in the population, and why appropriate treatment and legal documentation matter.

Treatment Options Available for Concussions in Ontario

In Ontario, concussion care involves multiple levels of support, both OHIP-funded and privately accessed services.

1. Medical Evaluation & Diagnosis

A formal medical diagnosis is critical. Physicians, concussion specialists, or neurologists will assess symptoms, perform balance and vestibular assessments, and rule out complications like bleeding.

2. Symptom-Specific Treatment

Concussion symptoms are varied. Treatment options include:

Medications for headache, anxiety, or sleep disturbance
Vestibular and physiotherapy for balance and neck dysfunction
Occupational therapy for cognitive and daily living challenges
Vision therapy for light sensitivity and visual processing
Psychological counselling for mood, anxiety, or behavioural changes

Some of these treatments are OHIP-covered; others may require private insurance or out-of-pocket payment.

Why Concussion Management Matters in an Ontario Personal Injury Claim

In Ontario personal injury law, the strength of a concussion claim often depends on early, thorough medical documentation.

It is important for an injured person to show:

The concussion resulted from someone else’s negligence or wrongful act
The concussion caused identifiable symptoms
Those symptoms required reasonable and necessary treatment

In view of the fact that many concussion symptoms aren’t visible on imaging, an individual’s medical history, specialist reports, and ongoing symptom tracking are critical. Objective tests (e.g., vestibular or neurocognitive assessments), symptom timelines, and medical referrals can distinguish normal recovery from PCS or complicated injury.

Final Thoughts: Protecting Your Health and Legal Rights

Whether from a car accident, fall, sports collision, or another forceful impact, concussions and brain injuries are serious, sometimes persistent, and cab be legally significant. By understanding symptoms, pursuing appropriate treatment, and documenting everything thoughtfully, injured Ontarians can protect their health and their legal rights.

If you believe you or a loved one has suffered a concussion or lingering symptoms after an impact, early action is key – medically and legally. If you’ve experienced a concussion or ongoing symptoms following an incident in Ontario, our team can help you: