March 2, 2026 - Bergeron Clifford LLP

If you are injured on someone else’s property in Ontario, your claim will likely be governed by the Occupiers’ Liability Act (Ontario).

This statute forms the foundation of most slip and fall claims and other injury cases involving unsafe property conditions. Whether an injury occurs in a grocery store, shopping centre, parking lot, private residence, or commercial building, the Act determines who may be responsible and what must be proven.

This overview explains what the Act is, what duties it creates, and how it operates in practice in Ontario premises liability claim.

What Is the Occupiers’ Liability Act?

The Occupiers’ Liability Act is an Ontario statute that sets out the legal responsibilities of people or business that control property. It establishes when an “occupier” may be legally liable for injuries that occur on their premises.

Who is Considered an “Occupier”?

An occupier is not limited to the registered property owner. Under the Act, an occupier includes anyone who has:

Physical possession of the premises, or
Responsibility for and control over its condition or activities carried out there

This means that multiple parties can be occupiers at the same time. Depending on the circumstances, liability may extend to:

A retail store operating in a leased space
A Commercial landlord
A Property management company
Maintenance or snow removal contractors

In many Ontario slip and fall cases, the central question is control. Courts examine who had the authority and responsibility to identify and address hazards.

What Duties Does the Occupiers’ Liability Act Impose?

The Act imposes a duty to take reasonable care to ensure that anyone entering the premises are reasonably safe on the property.

This includes responsibility for:

The physical condition of the property
Activities carried out on the premises
The conduct of third parties permitted on the property

The standard is reasonableness, not perfection. Accidents can occur even in well-maintained environments. However, occupiers are expected to have proper inspection and maintenance systems in place and to address hazards within an appropriate timeframe.

For example, a retail store should have regular inspection routines. A commercial property owner should ensure walkways are maintained. A contractor hired to remove snow must carry out that work responsibly.

How do Courts Assess “Reasonable Care”?

In practice, courts look beyond the mere existence of a hazard. They examine whether the occupier acted reasonably in the circumstances.

Key considerations often include:

Whether there was a system in place to detect hazards
How frequently inspections were conducted
Whether prior complaints were made
How quickly the hazard was addressed
Whether warning signage was used where appropriate

A spill on a grocery store floor does not automatically result in liability. The issue is whether the store had a reasonable process in place and whether it responded appropriately.

This fact-specific example is why documentation, maintenance records, and surveillance footage often become central pieces of evidence.

Common Defences in Occupiers’ Liability Claims

Occupiers and their insurers often defend claims by arguing that:

The injured person failed to take reasonable care for their own safety
The hazard was obvious
A reasonable inspection and maintenance system was in place
The incident occurred before staff could reasonably respond

Ontario law allows for contributory negligence. If an injured person is found partially responsible, any damages awarded may be reduced.

What Are the Implications for Injury Victims?

The Occupiers’ Liability Act provides the framework for seeking compensation when unsafe property conditions cause injury. However, it also sets limits. Not every accident results in liability.

To succeed, the injured person must establish that the occupier failed to meet the standard of reasonable care and that this failure caused the injury.

When liability is established, compensation may include damages for pain and suffering, lost income, medical expenses, rehabilitation costs, and in serious cases, future care needs.

Questions About an Injury on Someone Else’s Property?

If you have been injured on another person’s property, your case will likely be evaluated under the Occupiers’ Liability Act. Determining whether reasonable care was taken requires a careful review of the evidence and applicable notice requirements.

Our Ontario personal injury lawyers regularly handle premises liability claims and can provide a clear assessment of your legal position. If you would like to discuss a potential claim, contact our office to arrange a free consultation.